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What clinical guidelines has Babylon followed in developing the Symptom Checker?

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The Symptom Checker's proprietary informational content is derived from the medical expertise of Babylon clinicians trained in the practice of evidence-based medicine and clinical guidelines from government and recognized medical societies. Content is reviewed by licensed physicians for medical accuracy and relevancy. Such clinical guidelines and other evidence-based best practices can be found in, but are not limited to, the following sources:

 

  • GP notebook – www.gpnotebook.co.uk

  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines - https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance

  • NHS choices - https://www.nhs.uk/      

  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) guidelines https://www.sign.ac.uk/

  • Adamec, I., Skorić, M.K., Handžić, J. and Habek, M., 2015. Incidence, seasonality and comorbidity in vestibular neuritis. Neurological Sciences, 36(1), pp.91-95.                

  • Adams, R.J., Appleton, S.L., Gill, T.K., Taylor, A.W., Wilson, D.H. and Hill, C.L., 2011. Cause for concern in the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications in the community- a population-based study. BMC Family Practice, 12(1), p.70.

  • Albu, C., Brusin, S., Gomez, J., Ciancio, B. and Spiteri, G., 2014. Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and blood-borne viruses. Annual Epidemiological Report. ECDC.                

  • Amar, R.K., Jick, S.S., Rosenberg, D., Maher, T.M. and Meier, C.R., 2012. Incidence of the pneumoconioses in the United Kingdom general population between 1997 and 2008. Respiration, 84(3), pp.200-206.

  • Anandan, C., Gupta, R., Simpson, C.R., Fischbacher, C. and Sheikh, A., 2009. Epidemiology and disease burden from allergic disease in Scotland: Analyses of national databases. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(10), pp.431-442.

  • Attili, A.F., Carulli, N., Roda, E., Barbara, B., Capocaccia, L., Menotti, A., Okoliksanyi, L., Ricci, G., Capocaccia, R., Festi, D. and Lalloni, L., 1995. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: Prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). American Journal of Epidemiology, 141(2), pp.158-165.

  • Bartholomeeusen, S., Vandenbroucke, J., Truyers, C. and Buntinx, F., 2007. Time trends in the incidence of peptic ulcers and oesophagitis between 1994 and 2003. Br J Gen Pract, 57(539), pp.497-499.

  • Bates, B., Cox, L., Nicholson, S., Page, P., Prentice, A., Steer, T. and Swan, G., 2016. National Diet and Nutrition Survey results from years 5 and 6 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2012/2013–2013/2014). Public Health England: London, UK.

  • Becker, C., Brobert, G.P., Almqvist, P.M., Johansson, S., Jick, S.S. and Meier, C.R., 2008. Migraine incidence, comorbidity and health resource utilization in the UK. Cephalalgia, 28(1), pp.57-64.        

  • Benson, V. and Marano, M.A., 1998. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1995. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(199).                

  • Bharucha, A.E., Parthasarathy, G., Ditah, I., Fletcher, J.G., Ewelukwa, O., Pendlimari, R., Yawn, B.P., Melton, L.J., Schleck, C. and Zinsmeister, A.R., 2015. Temporal trends in the incidence and natural history of diverticulitis: A population-based study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 110(11), p.1589.

  • Birtwhistle, R., Morkem, R., Peat, G., Williamson, T., Green, M.E., Khan, S. and Jordan, K.P., 2015. Prevalence and management of osteoarthritis in primary care: An epidemiologic cohort study from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network. CMAJ Open, 3(3), p.E270.

  • Blanco, C., Okuda, M., Markowitz, J.C., Liu, S.M., Grant, B.F. and Hasin, D.S., 2010. The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(12), p.1645.

  • Bleeker, M.C., Visser, P.J., Overbeek, L.I., van Beurden, M. and Berkhof, J., 2016. Lichen sclerosus: Incidence and risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 25(8), pp.1224-1230.

  • Boonstra, K., Kunst, A.E., Stadhouders, P.H., Tuynman, H.A., Poen, A.C., van Nieuwkerk, K.M., Witteman, E.M., Hamann, D., Witteman, B.J., Beuers, U. and Ponsioen, C.Y., 2014. Rising incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis: A large population‐based study. Liver International, 34(6), pp.e31-e38.

  • Bot, S.D., Van der Waal, J.M., Terwee, C.B., Van der Windt, D.A.W.M., Schellevis, F.G., Bouter, L.M. and Dekker, J., 2005. Incidence and prevalence of complaints of the neck and upper extremity in general practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 64(1), pp.118-123.

  • British Lung Foundation, 2018. Asthma statistics [online]. British Lung Foundation. [viewed 23 February 2018]. Available from: https://statistics.blf.org.uk/asthma

  • British Lung Foundation, 2018. Bronchiectasis statistics [online]. British Lung Foundation. [viewed 1 June 2018]. Available from: https://statistics.blf.org.uk/bronchiectasis

  • British Lung Foundation, 2018. Pneumonia statistics [online]. British Lung Foundation. [viewed 26 July 2018]. Available from: https://statistics.blf.org.uk/pneumonia

  • Brown, L. and Neave, A., 2016. Health Survey for England 2015: Adult alcohol consumption. Leeds, UK: Health and Social Care Information Centre.                        

  • Browning, G.G. and Gatehouse, S., 1992. The prevalence of middle ear disease in the adult British population. Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences, 17(4), pp.317-321.        

  • Bruderer, S.G., Bodmer, D., Stohler, N.A., Jick, S.S. and Meier, C.R., 2017. Population-based study on the epidemiology of Ménière's disease. Audiology and Neurotology, 22(2), pp.74-82.        

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 17 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-aml/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Anal cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 22 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Bladder cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Bone sarcoma incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 4 May 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bone-sarcoma/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Bowel cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bowel-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Breast cancer incidence (invasive) statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/breast-cancer/incidence-invasive

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Cervical cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/cervical-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 17 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-cll/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Gallbladder cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 19 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/gallbladder-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Hodgkin lymphoma incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 16 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/hodgkin-lymphoma/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Kidney cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/kidney-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Liver cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/liver-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Lung cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Mesothelioma incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/mesothelioma/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Myeloma incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 4 May 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/myeloma/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 19 March 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Oesophageal cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Ovarian cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/ovarian-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Pancreatic cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/pancreatic-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Penile cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/penile-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Prostate cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Stomach cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/stomach-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Testicular cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 6 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/testicular-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Uterine cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/uterine-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Vaginal cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 13 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/vaginal-cancer/incidence

  • Cancer Research UK, 2018. Vulval cancer incidence statistics [online]. Cancer Research UK. [viewed 21 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/vulval-cancer/incidence

  • Carbone, L.D., Cooper, C., Michet, C.J., Atkinson, E.J., Michael O'Fallon, W. and Joseph Melton, L., 1992. Ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1989. Is the epidemiology changing?. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 35(12), pp.1476-1482.

  • Card, T.R., Solaymani-Dodaran, M. and West, J., 2008. Incidence and mortality of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the UK: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Hepatology, 48(6), pp.939-944.

  • Carpentier, P.H., Maricq, H.R., Biro, C., Ponçot-Makinen, C.O. and Franco, A., 2004. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical patterns of chronic venous disorders of lower limbs: A population-based study in France. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 40(4), pp.650-659.

  • Cassell, J.A., Mercer, C.H., Sutcliffe, L., Petersen, I., Islam, A., Brook, M.G., Ross, J.D., Kinghorn, G.R., Simms, I., Hughes, G. and Majeed, A., 2006. Trends in sexually transmitted infections in general practice 1990-2000: Population based study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ, 332(7537), pp.332-334.

  • Cassidy, A., Myles, J.P., Duffy, S.W., Liloglou, T. and Field, J.K., 2006. Family history and risk of lung cancer: Age-at-diagnosis in cases and first-degree relatives. British Journal of Cancer, 95(9), p.1288.

  • Cea Soriano, L., López-Garcia, E., Schulze-Rath, R. and Garcia Rodríguez, L.A., 2017. Incidence, treatment and recurrence of endometriosis in a UK-based population analysis using data from The Health Improvement Network and the Hospital Episode Statistics database. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 22(5), pp.334-343.

  • Cea-Soriano, L., Fowkes, F.G.R., Johansson, S., Allum, A.M. and Rodriguez, L.A.G., 2018. Time trends in peripheral artery disease incidence, prevalence and secondary preventive therapy: A cohort study in The Health Improvement Network in the UK. BMJ Open, 8(1), p.e018184.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011. Estimated burden of acute otitis externa--United States, 2003-2007. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(19), p.605.        

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012. Prevalence of stroke--United States, 2006-2010. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(20), p.379.        

  • Cesarone, M.R., Belcaro, G., Nicolaides, A.N., Geroulakos, G., Griffin, M., Incandela, L., De Sanctis, M.T., Sabetai, M., Geroulakos, G., Agus, G. and Bavera, P., 2002. 'Real' epidemiology of varicose veins and chronic venous diseases: The San Valentino Vascular Screening Project. Angiology, 53(2), pp.119-130.

  • Chan, M.P., Broadway, D.C., Khawaja, A.P., Yip, J.L., Garway-Heath, D.F., Burr, J.M., Luben, R., Hayat, S., Dalzell, N., Khaw, K.T. and Foster, P.J., 2017. Glaucoma and intraocular pressure in EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study: Cross sectional study. BMJ, 358, p.j3889.

  • Chantzichristos, D., Persson, A., Eliasson, B., Miftaraj, M., Franzén, S., Svensson, A.M. and Johannsson, G., 2018. Incidence, prevalence and seasonal onset variation of Addison’s disease among persons with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Nationwide, matched cohort studies. European Journal of Endocrinology, 178(1), pp.113-120.

  • Chen, Y., Dales, R. and Lin, M., 2003. The epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis in Canadians. The Laryngoscope, 113(7), pp.1199-1205.                                

  • Clemens, J.Q., Meenan, R.T., O’Keeffe Rosetti, M.C., Gao, S.Y. and Calhoun, E.A., 2005. Incidence and clinical characteristics of National Institutes of Health type III prostatitis in the community. The Journal of Urology, 174(6), pp.2319-2322.

  • Clifton, S., Fuller, E., and Philo, D., 2016. National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) Reference Tables. NatCen Social Research. Available from: http://www.natsal.ac.uk/media/3935/natsal-3-reference-tables.pdf

  • Collinson, D. and NatCen Social Research, 2016. Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014, Chapter 2: Common Mental Disorders - Data Tables. NHS Digital.                        

  • Conolly, A., Saunders, C. and Neave, A., 2017. Health Survey for England 2016: Adult overweight and obesity Excel Tables. Leeds, UK: Health and Social Care Information Centre.        

  • Cope, J.R., Collier, S.A., Rao, M.M., Chalmers, R., Mitchell, G.L., Richdale, K., Wagner, H., Kinoshita, B.T., Lam, D.Y., Sorbara, L. and Zimmerman, A., 2015. Contact lens wearer demographics and risk behaviors for contact lens-related eye infections—United States, 2014. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(32), p.865.

  • Cramer, D.W., Xu, H. and Harlow, B.L., 1995. Family history as a predictor of early menopause. Fertility and Sterility, 64(4), pp.740-745.                                

  • Croft, P.R., Papageorgiou, A.C., Thomas, E., Macfarlane, G.J. and Silman, A.J., 1999. Short-term physical risk factors for new episodes of low back pain: Prospective evidence from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Spine, 24(15), p.1556.

  • Czaja, C.A., Scholes, D., Hooton, T.M. and Stamm, W.E., 2007. Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45(3), pp.273-280.                

  • Dahaghin, S., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S.M.A., Reijman, M., Pols, H.A.P., Hazes, J.M.W. and Koes, B.W., 2005. Does hand osteoarthritis predict future hip or knee osteoarthritis?. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 52(11), pp.3520-3527.

  • Dallosso, H., Matthews, R., McGrother, C. and Donaldson, M., 2004. Diet as a risk factor for the development of stress urinary incontinence: A longitudinal study in women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(6), p.920.

  • de Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., van Gool, C. and van Dorsselaer, S., 2012. Prevalence of mental disorders and trends from 1996 to 2009. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(2), pp.203-213.

  • de Jonge, P., Roest, A.M., Lim, C.C., Florescu, S.E., Bromet, E.J., Stein, D.J., Harris, M., Nakov, V., Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J.M., Levinson, D. and Al‐Hamzawi, A.O., 2016. Cross‐national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 33(12), pp.1155-1177.        

  • De Jonge, S., Van den Berg, C., De Vos, R.J., Van Der Heide, H.J.L., Weir, A., Verhaar, J.A.N., Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M.A. and Tol, J.L., 2011. Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population. Br J Sports Med, 45(13), pp.1026-1028.

  • de Rijk, M., 1997. Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease: The Rotterdam Study. Erasmus University Rotterdam.                                        

  • de Voogd, S., Ikram, M.K., Wolfs, R.C., Jansonius, N.M., Hofman, A. and de Jong, P.T., 2005. Incidence of open-angle glaucoma in a general elderly population: The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology, 112(9), pp.1487-1493.

  • De Wit, M.A.S., Koopmans, M.P.G., Kortbeek, L.M., Wannet, W.J.B., Vinje, J., Van Leusden, F., Bartelds, A.I.M. and Van Duynhoven, Y.T.H.P., 2001. Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: Incidence and etiology. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154(7), pp.666-674.

  • Des Varannes, S.B., Marek, L., Humeau, B., Lecasble, M. and Colin, R., 2006. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care: Prevalence, epidemiology and quality of life of patients. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique, 30(3), pp.364-370.

  • DeSimone, D.C., Tleyjeh, I.M., De Sa, D.D.C., Anavekar, N.S., Lahr, B.D., Sohail, M.R., Steckelberg, J.M., Wilson, W.R. and Baddour, L.M., 2015. Temporal trends in infective endocarditis epidemiology from 2007 to 2013 in Olmsted County, MN. American Heart Journal, 170(4), pp.830-836.

  • Ding, T., Baio, G., Hardiman, P.J., Petersen, I. and Sammon, C., 2016. Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome in the UK (2004–2014): A retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 6(7), p.e012461.

  • Drey, N., Roderick, P., Mullee, M. and Rogerson, M., 2003. A population-based study of the incidence and outcomes of diagnosed chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 42(4), pp.677-684.

  • Edvardsson, V.O., Indridason, O.S., Haraldsson, G., Kjartansson, O. and Palsson, R., 2013. Temporal trends in the incidence of kidney stone disease. Kidney International, 83(1), pp.146-152.        

  • Egeberg, A., Kristensen, L.E., Thyssen, J.P., Gislason, G.H., Gottlieb, A.B., Coates, L.C., Jullien, D., Gisondi, P., Gladman, D.D., Skov, L. and Mallbris, L., 2017. Incidence and prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in Denmark: A nationwide register linkage study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 76(9), pp.1591-1597.

  • Erie, J.C., Hodge, D.O. and Gray, D.T., 1997. The incidence of primary angle-closure glaucoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Archives of Ophthalmology, 115(2), pp.177-181.                

  • Evans, C.J., Fowkes, F.G.R., Ruckley, C.V. and Lee, A.J., 1999. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 53(3), pp.149-153.

  • Exarchou, S., Lindström, U., Askling, J., Eriksson, J.K., Forsblad-d’Elia, H., Neovius, M., Turesson, C., Kristensen, L.E. and Jacobsson, L.T., 2015. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis and its clinical manifestations: A nationwide register study. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 17(1), p.118.

  • Farrand, K.F., Fridman, M., Stillman, I.Ö. and Schaumberg, D.A., 2017. Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 182, pp.90-98.

  • Fernandez, A., Karavitaki, N. and Wass, J.A., 2010. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: A community‐based, cross‐sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clinical Endocrinology, 72(3), pp.377-382.

  • Fleischmann, C., Thomas–Rueddel, D.O., Hartmann, M., Hartog, C.S., Welte, T., Heublein, S., Dennler, U. and Reinhart, K., 2016. Hospital incidence and mortality rates of sepsis: An analysis of hospital episode (DRG) statistics in Germany from 2007 to 2013. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 113(10), p.159.

  • Flynn, R.W.V., MacDonald, T.M., Morris, A.D., Jung, R.T. and Leese, G.P., 2004. The thyroid epidemiology, audit, and research study: Thyroid dysfunction in the general population. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(8), pp.3879-3884.

  • Ford, A.C., Talley, N.J., Walker, M.M. and Jones, M.P., 2014. Increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in functional gastrointestinal disorders: Case–control study of 23 471 primary care patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 40(7), pp.827-834.

  • Fox, K. and Rickards, L., 2004. Sport and Leisure: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.                                

  • Frans, E.M., Sandin, S., Reichenberg, A., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N. and Hultman, C.M., 2008. Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(9), pp.1034-1040.

  • French, C.E., Hughes, G., Nicholson, A., Yung, M., Ross, J.D., Williams, T. and Soldan, K., 2011. Estimation of the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease diagnoses: Trends in England, 2000–2008. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38(3), pp.158-162.

  • Froehling, D.A., Silverstein, M.D., Mohr, D.N., Beatty, C.W., Offord, K.P., and Ballard, D.J., 1991. Benign positional vertigo: Incidence and prognosis in a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 596-601). Elsevier.

  • Gandhi, M.M., Lampe, F.C. and Wood, D.A., 1995. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and short-term prognosis of angina pectoris. Heart, 73(2), pp.193-198.                        

  • Garraway, W.M., Lee, R.J. and Collins, G.N., 1991. High prevalence of benign prostatic hypertrophy in the community. The Lancet, 338(8765), pp.469-471.                        

  • Ghosh, R.E., Close, R., McCann, L.J., Crabbe, H., Garwood, K., Hansell, A.L. and Leonardi, G., 2015. Analysis of hospital admissions due to accidental non-fire-related carbon monoxide poisoning in England, between 2001 and 2010. Journal of Public Health, 38(1), pp.76-83.

  • Ghouri, N., Hippisley-Cox, J., Newton, J. and Sheikh, A., 2008. Trends in the epidemiology and prescribing of medication for allergic rhinitis in England. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(9), pp.466-472.

  • Gittleman, H., Ostrom, Q.T., Farah, P.D., Ondracek, A., Chen, Y., Wolinsky, Y., Kruchko, C., Singer, J., Kshettry, V.R., Laws, E.R. and Sloan, A.E., 2014. Descriptive epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the United States, 2004–2009. Journal of Neurosurgery, 121(3), pp.527-535.

  • Grant, B.F., Goldstein, R.B., Chou, S.P., Huang, B., Stinson, F.S., Dawson, D.A., Saha, T.D., Smith, S.M., Pulay, A.J., Pickering, R.P. and Ruan, W.J., 2009. Sociodemographic and psychopathologic predictors of first incidence of DSM-IV substance use, mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(11), p.1051.

  • Gritz, D.C. and Wong, I.G., 2004. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California: The Northern California epidemiology of uveitis study. Ophthalmology, 111(3), pp.491-500.        

  • Hall, G.C., Carroll, D., Parry, D. and McQuay, H.J., 2006. Epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain: The UK primary care perspective. Pain, 122(1-2), pp.156-162.                

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